Spatial Immunology in Translation: Linking Immune Organisation to Therapeutic Outcome

Immune-targeted therapies are commonly interpreted through molecular and cell-centric frameworks that insufficiently capture how immune activity is organised within intact tissues. This limitation complicates translational interpretation of therapeutic efficacy and response variability when inflammatory activity is spatially structured within diseased tissue. This review examines immune organisation as a relevant dimension of immune function and frames interaction-defined immune environments as functional units of inflammation. It outlines how cellular composition, tissue compartmentalisation, and persistence of interaction environments shape where immune signalling is concentrated and sustained in situ. By linking immune organisation to tissue-level behaviour, the review provides translational context for interpreting target engagement and therapeutic effects, supporting more informed alignment between therapeutic strategies and the immune architectures that dominate disease activity.