High-Performance Polymer-Based Membranes for CO₂ Separation: Recent Advances and Perspectives

The urgent demand for energy-efficient CO₂ separation technologies has propelled significant advancements in polymer-based CO₂ separation membranes over the past decade. This review systematically examines three primary classes of these membrane materials: conventional dense polymer membranes, microporous polymer membranes, and mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). We analyze their distinct transport mechanisms, advantages, and the persistent challenges of permeability-selectivity trade-offs, physical aging, and scalability that have hindered widespread industrial adoption despite significant laboratory advances. Furthermore, we offer a forward-looking perspective on critical research directions, including the molecular design of stable microporous polymers, the evolution of MMMs towards continuous hybrid architectures, and the development of scalable ultrathin membrane fabrication techniques. By integrating materials innovation with engineering practicality, polymer-based membranes are poised to play a transformative role in sustainable carbon management.