Effects of Community-Based Health and Social Interventions on Mental Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing...

Background: Community-based mental health and social interventions focusing on housing stability, integrated care and psychosocial support are being increasingly recognised as essential for improving the mental health and wellbeing of people experiencing homelessness. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of these interventions remains fragmented across different models of care and study designs. This review synthesises how these interventions address mental health and social determinants of health. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search of six electronic databases (2019-2025) was conducted (PROSPERO: CRD420250653260). The review included 29 quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies examining community-based interventions for people experiencing homelessness and mental health conditions according to predefined eligibility criteria. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: Community-based interventions, particularly Housing First models, were frequently associated with improved housing stability, mental health outcomes, and programme retention. Integrated multidisciplinary services and outreach promote psychosocial wellbeing, continuity of care and reducing emergency service use. Peer-led programmes support social integration, although evidence regarding technology-based interventions was inconsistent, with some studies reporting improved engagement and access to support, while others found limited effects on mental health outcomes. Conclusions: Addressing social determinants of health through structured community-based interventions is essential to tackle mental health inequalities. The findings support the implementation of integrated community-based services combining housing, mental health, and social support. These results may inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and community organisations seeking to reduce mental health inequalities among people experiencing homelessness.