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Bacteriophages of the Human Virome01:23

Bacteriophages of the Human Virome

Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...
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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the lytic replication...

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Prophages in Skin Pathogens: From Virulence to Therapy.

Abirami Karthikeyan1, Aqib Javaid2, Grace Naa Ayorkor Charway2

  • 1Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 25, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prophages, viral DNA in bacteria, drive infections and offer new therapies. Prophage-derived molecules show promise against drug-resistant skin pathogens, advancing treatment strategies.

Keywords:
antibiofilmantivirulenceprophagesskin pathogenstreatment

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09:42

Development of an Economical DNA Delivery System by "Acufection" and its Application to Skin Research

Published on: April 19, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Prophages are integrated bacteriophage genomes within bacterial chromosomes.
  • They significantly influence bacterial pathogen biology, particularly in skin infections.
  • Prophages contribute virulence factors like toxins and immune evasion mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual role of prophages in pathogen virulence and therapeutic strategies.
  • To explore prophage-derived molecules as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents.
  • To assess the translational potential and clinical frontiers of prophage-based therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating mechanistic insights into prophage virulence.
  • Assessment of prophage-derived molecules (endolysins, holins, spanins, depolymerases).
  • Evaluation of novel delivery systems (chimeric lysins, CRISPR-based systems) and microbiome mining.

Main Results:

  • Prophages encode critical virulence factors in skin pathogens like *Staphylococcus aureus*.
  • Prophage-derived molecules exhibit potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against resistant strains.
  • Several prophage-based therapeutic candidates are in clinical development.

Conclusions:

  • Prophage biology presents a significant avenue for developing novel treatments against drug-resistant skin pathogens.
  • Engineered systems and microbiome exploration enhance the therapeutic potential of prophages.
  • This field is rapidly advancing, with significant conceptual and clinical frontiers.