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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart
08:49

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart

Published on: May 11, 2018

Enterococcal Infections in Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients: Two Clinical Cases and Systematic Review.

Cristina Gay1, Lucía Ramos-Merino2, Elena Sandoval3

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Enterococcal infections in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are challenging due to antimicrobial tolerance and biofilm formation. Suppressive antimicrobial therapy (SAT) may aid in managing these infections and facilitate heart transplantation.

Keywords:
Enterococcusbacteremiadevice-related infectionsheart transplantationsuppressive antimicrobial therapyventricular assist devices

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart
08:49

Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart

Published on: May 11, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are crucial for heart failure management but are susceptible to infections.
  • Enterococcal infections pose significant challenges in LVAD patients due to antimicrobial tolerance and biofilm formation.
  • Device explantation is often not feasible, complicating treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of enterococcal infections in LVAD patients.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of suppresssive antimicrobial therapy (SAT) in managing these challenging infections.
  • To synthesize existing literature through a systematic review.

Main Methods:

  • A PRISMA-based systematic review of published cases (1996-2025) identified via PubMed/MEDLINE.
  • Inclusion of two new clinical cases of Enterococcus faecalis LVAD infection.
  • Descriptive synthesis of primary outcomes including clinical cure, relapse, mortality, and device removal.

Main Results:

  • Enterococcal infections were analyzed in 17 cases (15 prior, 2 new); E. faecalis was most common (47%).
  • Bacteremia (76%) and driveline/pocket involvement (41%) were frequent presentations.
  • Despite prolonged therapy, microbiological persistence (47%) and recurrence/relapse (18%) were observed; mortality was 18%.

Conclusions:

  • Enterococcal LVAD infections demonstrate microbiological persistence even with extended antimicrobial treatment.
  • Suppressive antimicrobial therapy (SAT) can be a viable strategy for infection control and bridging to heart transplantation.
  • Management requires careful consideration of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm, and patient-specific factors.