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Chlorination of Clothianidin During Disinfection: Kinetics, Pathways, and Toxicity
1Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China.
Toxics
|June 25, 2026
Summary
Chlorination of the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin (CLO) by chlorine (Cl2) follows second-order kinetics. This process significantly reduces CLO
Area of Science:
- Environmental Chemistry
- Water Treatment Technologies
- Pesticide Analysis
Background:
- Neonicotinoid pesticides are emerging micropollutants in water.
- Chlorine (Cl2) disinfection can transform organic micropollutants.
- Clothianidin (CLO) is a representative neonicotinoid pesticide.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate the chlorination kinetics and transformation pathways of clothianidin (CLO).
- Evaluate the cytotoxicity of CLO before and after chlorination.
- Understand neonicotinoid transformation during water disinfection.
Main Methods:
- Systematic investigation of CLO chlorination kinetics.
- Analysis of transformation products and disinfection byproducts.
- Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell assays for cytotoxicity evaluation.
Main Results:
- CLO chlorination followed second-order kinetics (k_app = 1.758 × 10^-4 μM^-1 h^-1 at pH 7.0).
- pH and dissolved organic matter influenced CLO chlorination and byproduct formation.
- Chlorination significantly reduced the chronic cytotoxicity of CLO.
Conclusions:
- Chlorination is an effective method for transforming neonicotinoids in water.
- Mechanistic understanding of neonicotinoid transformation during disinfection is enhanced.
- Provides a reference for controlling neonicotinoids in drinking water treatment.
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