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In Vitro Characterisation of Resonant Behaviour of Separated Ni-Ti Endodontic File Fragments Using a Biomechanical

Vidhi Kiran Bhalla1,2, Devender Nath Maurya3, Amit Malhotra1,2

  • 1Dental Technology Innovation Hub, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India.

International Endodontic Journal
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The resonant frequency of fractured nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) endodontic files is primarily determined by their geometry. Most fractured Ni-Ti instruments resonate at higher frequencies than current ultrasonic retrieval devices can produce.

Keywords:
instrument fractureinstrument retrievalresonant frequencyultrasonics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Dental Materials Science

Background:

  • Instrument separation is a common complication in endodontic therapy, especially with nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary instruments.
  • Ultrasonic retrieval is a standard method, but its success hinges on efficient vibrational energy transfer to the separated fragment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the resonant frequency of separated Ni-Ti rotary endodontic files.
  • To understand the resonant behavior of fractured Ni-Ti instruments for improved retrieval efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Fractured Ni-Ti instruments were modeled as apically fixed cantilever beams.
  • Resonant frequencies were calculated using beam theory and a customized computational model simulating 8736 configurations.
  • Multiple linear regression analyzed the impact of geometric and material parameters on resonant frequency.

Main Results:

  • Predicted resonant frequencies ranged from 11 to 116 kHz, generally exceeding typical ultrasonic device operating frequencies.
  • Fragment length and diameter were significant predictors of resonant frequency.
  • Longer fragments and smaller diameters resulted in lower resonant frequencies.

Conclusions:

  • Fragment geometry is the primary determinant of resonant frequency in fractured Ni-Ti endodontic instruments.
  • A potential frequency mismatch exists between fractured instrument resonance and current ultrasonic retrieval systems.
  • This mismatch may impact the efficiency of ultrasonic retrieval of separated Ni-Ti instruments.