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Related Concept Videos

Fluid Mosaic Model01:19

Fluid Mosaic Model

Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich with the analogy of...
Fluid Mosaic Model01:34

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.LipidsThe most...
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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
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Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moir&#233; Superlattice Devices
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Moiré-engineered kagome bilayers hosting quantized corner states.

Mufasila Mumthaz Muhammed1, Junais Habeeb Mokkath2

  • 1College of Engineering, International University of Kuwait, Ardiya, Kuwait.

Nanoscale
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Twisted bilayer kagome lattices realize higher-order topological phases. Researchers found quantized quadrupole moments and fractional corner charges, demonstrating stable, localized corner modes and topological pumping.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Topological Matter

Background:

  • Moiré materials offer tunable platforms for novel quantum phenomena.
  • Higher-order topological (HOT) phases exhibit unique boundary states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate topological properties of twisted bilayer kagome (TBK) lattices.
  • Explore the realization of higher-order topological phases in 2D systems.
  • Identify experimental signatures for quantized corner states.

Main Methods:

  • Tight-binding modeling to simulate TBK lattice band structure.
  • Wilson-loop and nested Wilson-loop analyses for topological characterization.
  • Finite-size scaling and local density of states (LDOS) for stability and localization.

Main Results:

  • Calculated band structure shows a finite bulk gap.
  • Quantized quadrupole moment (Qxy = 1/3) and fractional corner charges (Q∞c ≈ -0.31e) were identified.
  • Sharply localized zero-energy corner modes and higher-order topological pumping under magnetic flux were visualized.

Conclusions:

  • TBK lattices serve as a controllable moiré platform for higher-order topology.
  • Fractionalized corner charges are thermodynamically stable.
  • Experimental detection of quantized corner states in kagome heterostructures is suggested.