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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
09:51

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Published on: May 18, 2018

Rab27 a regulates dendritic cell immune tolerogenic capacity.

Yang-Peng Wu, Shu-Wang Peng, Dong Hua Bin

    International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
    |June 25, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Rab27a activation is crucial for dendritic cells to secrete interleukin-10 (IL-10) and maintain immune tolerance. Defects in this pathway, regulated by MADD, contribute to food allergy and may offer therapeutic targets.

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    Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
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    Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

    Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
    09:51

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    Published on: May 18, 2018

    A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
    11:34

    A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes

    Published on: April 11, 2025

    Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
    06:09

    Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

    Published on: June 22, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology
    • Molecular Mechanisms

    Background:

    • Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of immune tolerance, primarily through interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion.
    • Rab27a, a GTPase, is involved in cellular secretion, but its role in DC IL-10 release is unclear.
    • Food allergy (FA) involves immune dysregulation, potentially linked to DC function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how Rab27a regulates IL-10 secretion in DCs.
    • To explore the role of the MADD-Rab27a-IL-10 pathway in food allergy.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from mice.
    • Analyzed plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) from food allergy patients and healthy controls.
    • Utilized flow cytometry and MADD knockdown experiments.

    Main Results:

    • FA patients' pDCs showed reduced Rab27a activation and impaired ability to induce regulatory T (Tr1) cells.
    • Rab27a activation positively correlated with Tr1 cell induction.
    • Activated Rab27a complexes with IL-10 for secretion; MADD regulates Rab27a activation.

    Conclusions:

    • Activated Rab27a is essential for DC IL-10 secretion, with MADD as a key upstream regulator.
    • Defects in the MADD-Rab27a-IL-10 pathway impair DC tolerogenicity in FA.
    • This pathway represents a potential therapeutic target for allergic diseases.