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Related Concept Videos

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value01:13

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value

In healthcare diagnostics, laboratory tests play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions. However, interpreting test results is not always straightforward. An abnormal test result does not always confirm the presence of a disease, just as a normal result does not guarantee its absence. To assess the reliability of these diagnostic tools, healthcare practitioners rely on two key statistical indicators: sensitivity and specificity.
Sensitivity is the...
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
pV-Diagrams01:18

pV-Diagrams

The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins
06:48

Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins

Published on: October 28, 2020

PVC Variability and Impact on Meeting Expert Consensus Cutoffs of ≥ 10 000 PVCs/Day and ≥ 15% PVCs.

Richard S Amara1, Justin Brilliant1, Jason Appelbaum1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) burden varies significantly day-to-day. Prolonged monitoring is essential for accurately identifying patients who meet VT suppression guidelines, revealing distinct patient populations.

Keywords:
PVC ablationPVC suppressioncardiomyopathypremature ventricular contractionrhythm monitor

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are linked to reversible cardiomyopathy.
  • Current guidelines suggest PVC thresholds (≥10,000 PVCs/day or ≥15% PVCs) for considering PVC suppression therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess how daily variability in PVC burden impacts meeting established guideline thresholds.
  • To explore potential novel patterns in PVC frequency and burden.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 14-day ZIO monitor data from 606 patients meeting the 2014 guideline cohort (≥10,000 PVCs/day).
  • Sub-analysis of 325 patients meeting the 2017 guideline cohort (≥15% PVCs on at least one day).
  • Evaluation of intra-patient daily PVC count variability and time to meet thresholds.

Main Results:

  • Significant intra-patient variability in daily PVC counts was observed, with median fold-changes between maximum and minimum days.
  • A substantial percentage of patients had days below 5,000 or 1,000 PVCs, and some even had days with zero PVCs.
  • Seventy-two hours of monitoring identified 69% of patients meeting the ≥10,000 PVCs/day threshold, with additional patients identified on subsequent days.
  • A bimodal distribution suggested two distinct populations: 'low frequency/low PVC' and 'high frequency/high PVC'.

Conclusions:

  • Daily PVC burden exhibits considerable variability, challenging single-day threshold assessments.
  • Extended monitoring duration is necessary for accurate identification of patients meeting guideline-based PVC suppression criteria.
  • Emerging PVC patterns may aid in better stratifying patients for potential PVC suppression interventions.