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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
08:03

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Cranial Base Characteristics in Growing Patients With Class III Skeletal Pattern: A Systematic Review and

Zhuoying Li1, Junqi Liu1, Tingting Wei2

  • 1Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

International Dental Journal
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Growing skeletal Class III patients exhibit smaller cranial base angles and shorter cranial base lengths, particularly before or during the growth spurt. Anterior cranial base length shows gender-specific differences in these patients.

Keywords:
Cranial baseGrowthMeta-analysisRadiographic imagingSkeletal Class III malocclusion

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology
  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Growth and Development

Background:

  • Skeletal Class III malocclusion presents treatment challenges due to varied craniofacial growth.
  • The cranial base, a key growth center, has an unclear role in skeletal malocclusion.
  • Understanding cranial base characteristics is crucial for diagnosing and treating Class III malocclusion in growing individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and investigate the relationship between cranial base characteristics and skeletal Class III malocclusion in growing patients.
  • To synthesize evidence on cranial base morphology in relation to Class III malocclusion.
  • To identify potential growth-related and gender-specific patterns in the cranial base of Class III patients.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of observational studies on growing skeletal Class III patients.
  • Comprehensive database search (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus) up to May 2026.
  • Risk of bias (AXIS tool) and evidence certainty (GRADE) assessment, with meta-analysis (RevMan 5.4) and subgroup analyses by growth stage and gender.

Main Results:

  • Eleven studies were included; eight underwent meta-analysis.
  • Class III patients showed significantly smaller posterior (NSBa: -1.84°) and anterior (NSAr: -2.02°) cranial base angles compared to Class I.
  • Shorter anterior (SN: -1.59 mm) and posterior (SBa: -1.56 mm) cranial base lengths were observed before/during growth spurt, with shorter SN length in males (-1.68 mm).

Conclusions:

  • Growing skeletal Class III patients exhibit smaller cranial base angles.
  • Shorter anterior and posterior cranial base lengths are associated with Class III malocclusion before or during the growth spurt.
  • Gender-specific variations in anterior cranial base length were noted, though evidence certainty is very low, requiring cautious interpretation.