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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Generator Voltage Control01:21

Generator Voltage Control

Generator voltage control is crucial for maintaining the stable operation of synchronous generators and wind turbines. In older models, a DC generator driven by the rotor delivers DC power to the rotor's field winding, and the power is transferred through slip rings and brushes. In the latest models, static or brushless exciters are used. Static exciters rectify AC power from the generator terminals and then transfer the DC power directly to the rotor. Brushless exciters, on the other hand, use...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning
14:47

Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Published on: April 21, 2023

Multi-spin control from one-spin pulses.

Suzanne Lim1, Bowen Guo1, Abi L Turner1

  • 1Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new framework for controlling complex spin systems using simple, single spin-12 optimized pulses. This method bypasses computationally intensive multi-spin optimization for efficient spin control.

Keywords:
Design of NMR experimentsGRAPE pulsesNMR spectroscopyRF pulses

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

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Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning
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Published on: April 21, 2023

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Control

Background:

  • Controlling ensembles of weakly coupled spins usually demands complex, computationally intensive multi-spin optimization techniques.
  • Existing methods often struggle with efficiency and scalability for larger spin systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel, compact framework for precise control of weakly coupled spin systems.
  • To enable the use of single spin-1/2 optimized radiofrequency (RF) pulses for controlling systems with any spin type.
  • To avoid computationally expensive multi-spin optimization procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a framework utilizing GRAPE (GRadient Ascent Pulse Engineering) pulses with fixed 'active' evolution times, optimized for a single spin-1/2.
  • Implementation of a sequential pulsing strategy, activating one spin at a time.
  • Creation of 'band-schematic' pulses, enforcing a uniform form across frequency offsets to precisely manage chemical shift and scalar coupling evolution.
  • Application of the framework to construct band-selective JINEPT (Joint INEPT) pulses for specific spin transitions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated precise control over chemical shift and scalar coupling evolution in weakly coupled spin systems.
  • Successfully constructed band-schematic pulses and a continuously irradiated JINEPT sequence.
  • Achieved band-selective transfer of spin magnetization (Iz→2IzSz).
  • The Seedless software was developed to rapidly generate these pulses and analyze arbitrary pulse schematics.

Conclusions:

  • The presented framework offers robust multi-spin control without the need for multi-spin optimization.
  • This approach significantly simplifies and accelerates the control of complex spin ensembles.
  • The Seedless software provides a practical tool for implementing and analyzing these advanced pulse sequences.