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Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins
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Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

Published on: March 29, 2015

The cGAS-STING pathway: Mechanism and medical implications.

Alexander Hooftman1, Alexander Keller1, Andrea Ablasser2

  • 1Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.

Cell
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAMP) synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is key in innate immunity, detecting DNA to trigger cellular responses. This review explores its roles in immunity, homeostasis, and disease, guiding new therapies.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins
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Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

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Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications
09:39

Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications

Published on: January 27, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The cGAS-STING pathway is a critical innate immune sensor for double-stranded DNA.
  • It mediates cellular responses to viral infections and endogenous DNA released during cell stress.
  • Dysregulation of this pathway is implicated in inflammatory disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and physiological functions of the cGAS-STING pathway.
  • To discuss the role of cGAS-STING signaling in tissue homeostasis and antitumor immunity.
  • To explore the implications of cGAS-STING in inflammatory diseases and outline therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cGAS-STING pathway.
  • Analysis of mechanisms, physiological roles, and disease associations.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies based on pathway modulation.

Main Results:

  • The cGAS-STING pathway detects cytosolic DNA, initiating immune signaling.
  • It plays dual roles in antiviral defense and sensing endogenous DNA during stress.
  • The pathway influences tissue homeostasis, antitumor immunity, and inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The cGAS-STING pathway is a versatile mediator of innate immunity and cellular stress responses.
  • Its context-dependent functions in homeostasis, immunity, and disease present therapeutic opportunities.
  • Understanding cGAS-STING biology is crucial for developing targeted treatments for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.