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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Pediatric Animal Model of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Prolonged Circulatory Arrest
04:55

Pediatric Animal Model of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Prolonged Circulatory Arrest

Published on: May 26, 2023

ECMO cannulation techniques in children: Heterogeneous and often complicated.

Lucas Moratilla-Lapeña1, María Del Carmen Sarmiento1, Alejandro Madurga1

  • 1Pediatric Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Pediatric Surgery
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cervical ECMO cannulation in children has high complication rates and inconsistent management. Using a 6 Fr arterial cannula was fatal, indicating an 8 Fr cannula is preferable, or central ECMO should be considered.

Keywords:
CannulationChildrenECMOPediatric surgery

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Pediatric Animal Model of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Prolonged Circulatory Arrest
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Published on: May 26, 2023

Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Peripheral Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Without Left Ventricular Venting
03:40

Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Peripheral Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Without Left Ventricular Venting

Published on: January 17, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric critical care medicine
  • Cardiovascular surgery
  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) techniques

Background:

  • Growing indications for ECMO necessitate standardized cannulation guidelines.
  • Current ECMO practices lack standardized cervical cannulation protocols.
  • This study addresses complications and management variability in pediatric cervical ECMO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe complications associated with cervical ECMO in children.
  • To analyze variability in cervical ECMO management and outcomes.
  • To identify factors influencing complication rates and patient survival.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 27 pediatric patients undergoing cervical ECMO (2016-2023).
  • Data collected on demographics, ECMO technique, cannula size, surgeon specialty, fixation method, complications, and outcomes.
  • Complications classified using ELSO criteria; surgeon specialty (pediatric vs. cardiothoracic) and fixation (ligation vs. non-ligation) analyzed.

Main Results:

  • High complication rate (74%), predominantly mechanical (52%).
  • Pediatric surgeons using ligation fixation had more cannula malposition and bleeding compared to cardiothoracic surgeons using non-ligation.
  • All patients with 6 Fr arterial cannulas died; 8 Fr cannulas are recommended. Arterial repair patency was higher with non-ligation fixation (100%) vs. ligation (80%).

Conclusions:

  • Cervical ECMO cannulation is associated with significant complications and management heterogeneity.
  • The 6 Fr arterial cannula size is linked to mortality, advocating for 8 Fr cannulas or central ECMO.
  • Standardization of techniques and cannula selection is crucial for improving outcomes in pediatric cervical ECMO.