From plastics to pathology: The neurodegenerative impact of Bisphenol-A on Alzheimer's disease

Bisphenol-A (BPA), a ubiquitous component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, has emerged as a significant environmental risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is widely detected in the environment and humans due to its extensive use in plastics and epoxy resins for consumer products such as bottles, containers, and tableware. This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which BPA exposure may contribute to neurotoxicity and AD pathogenesis. We discuss how BPA disrupts endocrine signalling, induces oxidative stress, promotes neuroinflammation, and impairs synaptic plasticity, all of which are implicated in the development and progression of AD. The review also examines the impact of BPA on amyloid-beta accumulation, tau pathology, and cognitive decline, integrating findings from animal models, in vitro studies, and epidemiological research. Furthermore, we address the limitations of BPA alternatives and highlight emerging therapeutic and preventive strategies. This study highlights the pathogenic molecular mechanisms involved, offering a foundation for understanding BPA-induced neurodegenerative processes. By bridging the gap between environmental exposure and neuropathology, this article underscores the urgent need for regulatory action and further research to mitigate the neurodegenerative risks associated with BPA in plastics.