Soft Tissue Surgery in Amphibians

Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates worldwide, with over 40% of species currently classified as at risk. Despite the increasing clinical and conservation needs, the available literature on amphibian surgery remains limited to outdated textbooks and isolated case reports. This review provides an updated and practical synthesis of surgical knowledge applicable to species commonly maintained in captivity. Indications, approaches, and complications for procedures such as ovariectomy, castration, gastrotomy, enterotomy, and minimally invasive surgery are discussed. The aim is to provide clinicians with evidence-based guidance and expert-informed recommendations to enhance the safety and effectiveness of surgical interventions in amphibians.