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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Published on: September 15, 2017

Primary aldosteronism.

Anand Vaidya1, Gregory A Kline2, Paolo Mulatero3

  • 1Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary aldosteronism (PA), caused by excess aldosterone, is a common hypertension cause. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment, including surgery or medication, are crucial for managing cardiovascular and renal risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Primary aldosteronism (PA) stems from excessive aldosterone production, a significant contributor to hypertension and associated cardiovascular/renal damage.
  • Genetic mutations and aberrant receptor expression in adrenal glands drive dysregulated aldosterone synthesis.
  • PA is frequently underdiagnosed, necessitating improved screening protocols in hypertensive individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, diagnosis, and management strategies for primary aldosteronism.
  • To highlight the importance of early detection and appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of primary aldosteronism research, focusing on pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of current guidelines and emerging therapies.

Main Results:

  • PA is driven by genetic factors and receptor dysregulation, leading to hypertension and end-organ damage.
  • Simplified renin and aldosterone testing is recommended for all hypertensive patients.
  • Unilateral PA may be treated surgically, while bilateral PA requires medical management.
  • Emerging biomarkers and imaging aid in treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Timely diagnosis and management of PA are essential to mitigate cardiovascular and renal morbidity.
  • Medical therapy aims to normalize blood pressure and potassium levels, with renin rise indicating adequate treatment.
  • Longitudinal monitoring is vital for managing PA, its complications, and treatment effects.