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Published on: September 22, 2023

Effectiveness of Interventions on Parenting Outcomes in Families With Children Under 3 Years of Age: A Systematic

Xiaoyan Liu1, Yinjun Hao1, Yujing Zhang2

  • 1School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China.

Trauma, Violence & Abuse
|June 25, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Parenting interventions effectively reduce stress and boost self-efficacy in families with young children. These programs benefit general populations, indicating positive outcomes for low-risk families.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Family Studies

Background:

  • Parenting interventions aim to support families with young children.
  • Effectiveness data for general populations without special conditions are synthesized.
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis approach used.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate parenting interventions for improving parenting outcomes.
  • Focus on families with children under 3 years and without special conditions.
  • Assess impact on parenting stress and self-efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across six major databases.
  • Screening of 8,248 articles, with 19 studies meeting inclusion criteria.
  • Meta-analysis conducted on 14 studies using random effects model.

Main Results:

  • Parenting interventions significantly reduced parenting stress (SMD = -0.30).
  • Parenting self-efficacy was significantly increased (SMD = 0.61).
  • Child maltreatment was reduced in the single study assessing this outcome.

Conclusions:

  • Parenting interventions are effective for reducing stress and enhancing self-efficacy in general families.
  • Families at low risk can benefit from these targeted interventions.
  • Further research and practice implications are discussed.

Keywords:
meta-analysisparentingrandomized controlled trialself-efficacystress

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