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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Published on: October 10, 2025

From Maternal Exposure to F1 Development: Unveiling Cyclophosphamide-Induced Reproductive Toxicity.

Xiaolin Meng1,2, Fengyuan Liu3, Na Xu1,2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.

Biomedicines
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclophosphamide exposure causes irreversible reproductive damage in female mice, leading to infertility. Offspring exhibit severe developmental issues, including growth restriction and impaired neurodevelopment, indicating lasting toxicity.

Keywords:
cyclophosphamidedevelopmental toxicityfertilityoffspringovarian function

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Toxicology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Uncertainty surrounds cyclophosphamide's reproductive toxicity and recovery timelines.
  • Clinical relevance of cyclophosphamide dosing requires investigation into its long-term effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess maternal reproductive function recovery post-cyclophosphamide exposure.
  • To evaluate long-term offspring survival and developmental outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model with a clinically relevant cyclophosphamide dosing regimen.
  • Examined female reproductive function recovery at multiple time points.
  • Monitored offspring for growth, mortality, puberty, and neurodevelopment.

Main Results:

  • Cyclophosphamide shortened maternal reproductive lifespan, causing early fertility impairment and eventual infertility.
  • Offspring displayed growth restriction, increased mortality, delayed puberty, and neurodevelopmental deficits.
  • Transient improvements in offspring parameters did not indicate lasting recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclophosphamide induces irreversible gonadotoxicity in female mice.
  • Developmental toxicity in offspring is persistent and significant.
  • Findings highlight the critical need for careful consideration of cyclophosphamide's long-term reproductive and developmental risks.