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Biomechanical Effects of Socks on Plantar Loading and Foot Function: A Systematic Review.
Roi Painceira-Villar1, Paula Cobos-Moreno2, Kimas Gudaitis2
1Nursing Deparment, Universidad de León, Avda Astorga 15, 24402 Ponferrada, Spain.
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
Summary
Socks significantly impact foot biomechanics, reducing plantar pressure and aiding impact attenuation. However, their effects on balance and performance vary, necessitating further high-quality research.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Sports Science
- Podiatry
Background:
- The foot-footwear system is crucial for load distribution and locomotion.
- Socks, as an interface component, have been understudied biomechanically.
- Understanding sock effects is vital for optimizing foot health and performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the biomechanical effects of socks on human gait.
- To investigate sock influence on plantar pressure, impact attenuation, postural control, and functional performance.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
- Searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.
- Included experimental, observational, and clinical studies; assessed risk of bias.
Main Results:
- Cushioned socks reduced plantar pressure (up to 49%) and aided impact attenuation (6-20%).
- Compression socks improved balance, while thick socks could impair sensitivity.
- High-friction socks showed potential for sports performance by reducing foot displacement.
Conclusions:
- Socks actively influence biomechanical parameters like plantar pressure.
- Further high-quality research is required to solidify evidence on sock biomechanics.
