Enzyme-Assisted Ultrasonic Extraction of Flavonoids from Pinus koraiensis Needle Litterfall: Process Optimization,...

Flavonoids from Pinus koraiensis needle (PN) litterfall were efficiently recovered using an enzyme-assisted ultrasonic extraction (EAU) method optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions (enzyme dosage 1.7%, ethanol concentration 70%, ultrasonic time 21 min, cellulase-pectinase ratio 1:3, liquid-solid ratio 40:1, enzymatic hydrolysis at 42.5 °C for 1 h, ultrasonic extraction at 50 °C and 150 W) yielded a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 17.08 mg rutin/g, which was significantly higher than that obtained via conventional extraction (CE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the treatment disrupted the cell wall, promoting flavonoid release. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS) identified 60 flavonoids in the purified extract obtained under the optimal EAU conditions (OT group), including quercitrin, tiliroside, taxifolin, and procyanidin B2. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed higher crystallinity but slightly reduced thermal stability for OT flavonoids. Notably, compared with the purified flavonoids obtained by CE (CK1 group), the OT group achieved a higher TFC and exhibited significantly better in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 71.82 μg/mL; ABTS IC₅₀ = 28.93 μg/mL) and in vitro carbohydrate-digesting-enzyme-inhibitory activity (α-glucosidase (α-GLU) IC₅₀ = 79.52 μg/mL; α-amylase (α-AMY) IC₅₀ = 793.9 μg/mL), with α-AMY inhibition being approximately 8.2-fold higher. These findings suggest that enzyme-assisted ultrasonic extraction is an efficient and reliable method for recovering flavonoids from PN and may provide a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of these flavonoids.