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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

13C6-Glucose Labeling Associated with LC-MS: Identification of Plant Primary Organs in Secondary Metabolite Synthesis
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13C6-Glucose Labeling Associated with LC-MS: Identification of Plant Primary Organs in Secondary Metabolite Synthesis

Published on: March 22, 2024

Cocoa-Based Plant Matrices in Glucose Metabolism: Bioactive Compounds and Redox Signaling.

Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera1, Miguel López-Moreno2, Carlota Valeria Villanueva-Tobaldo3

  • 1Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Fit Generation Research Institute, AD500 Andorra la Vella, Andorra.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cocoa-based foods show promise for metabolic health due to complex interactions, not just single compounds. This review explores how cocoa

Keywords:
cocoa polyphenolsflavanolsfunctional food matricesglycemic regulationgut microbiotametabolic disorderspostprandial glycemiaredox signaling

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Published on: January 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes involve impaired glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • Cocoa-derived foods are complex matrices with bioactive components influencing metabolic health.
  • Understanding the synergistic effects within cocoa is crucial for its therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the antidiabetic potential of cocoa-based food matrices.
  • To analyze the role of cocoa flavanols and complementary matrix components in metabolic regulation.
  • To highlight the importance of food matrix interactions for glycemic control.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review integrating nutritional biochemistry and metabolic physiology evidence.
  • Analysis of cocoa flavanols' impact on nitric oxide and insulin signaling pathways.
  • Evaluation of how matrix components modulate glycemic response and gut microbiota.

Main Results:

  • Cocoa flavanols influence redox-sensitive pathways crucial for insulin signaling and nitric oxide bioavailability.
  • Complementary components like fibers, sweeteners, lipids, and micronutrients modulate postprandial glucose and gut health.
  • The metabolic benefits of cocoa stem from the synergistic interactions within the food matrix, not isolated compounds.

Conclusions:

  • The antidiabetic effects of cocoa are attributed to the integrated action of its components within the food matrix.
  • Understanding these multi-component dynamics is key for developing effective cocoa-based functional foods for metabolic health.
  • Cocoa-based functional foods hold potential for improving glycemic control and metabolic resilience.