Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Kidney01:18

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Kidney

The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering and cleaning blood, removing waste products, and regulating electrolyte levels. To perform these essential functions, they require a constant and robust blood supply.
Bloody Supply to the Kidneys:
The kidneys receive their blood supply from the renal arteries, which branch off from the abdominal aorta—the main artery supplying the abdomen and lower body. The renal arteries enter the kidneys at the hilum, a notch on the medial side of each...
Kidney Transplant I: Introduction01:28

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
Physiology of the Genitourinary System I: Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration01:29

Physiology of the Genitourinary System I: Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration

The kidneys are vital organs responsible for regulating blood filtration, waste excretion, and fluid balance, all of which are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Renal physiology examines renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and urine formation, ensuring the body’s internal environment remains stable.Renal Blood FlowThe kidneys receive about 20-25% of the cardiac output, typically around 1200 mL of blood per minute in an average adult. Blood flows into the kidneys through the renal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Life-Course Programming of Kidney Disease: Roles of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Oxidative Stress.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Development and Validation of an Automated Acute Kidney Injury E-Alert System Integrated with Clinical Decision Support for Hospitalized Patients.

Journal of medical systems·2026
Same author

Clinical associations during the year before Parkinson's disease diagnosis in Taiwan: a nationwide claims-based case-control study.

Annals of medicine·2026
Same author

Machine learning-based prediction of a high-risk kidney function trajectory class after acute kidney injury.

BMJ health & care informatics·2026
Same author

Life-Course Regulation of Health and Disease by Nitric Oxide: Mechanistic Insights.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Resveratrol and Redox Regulation in Cardiovascular Disease Across the Life Course: Mechanistic and Translational Perspectives.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
05:34

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats

Published on: April 4, 2025

From Parallel Programming to Bidirectional Crosstalk: The Brain-Kidney Axis in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic

Chien-Ning Hsu1,2,3, You-Lin Tain4,5,6

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome arises from early-life insults that program kidney and brain vulnerabilities. Interventions targeting these early programming events may prevent CKM progression.

Keywords:
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)brain–kidney axiscardiovascular diseasecardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndromechronic kidney diseasegut microbiotaoxidative stress

More Related Videos

A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis
08:21

A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis

Published on: October 26, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
05:34

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats

Published on: April 4, 2025

A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis
08:21

A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis

Published on: October 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Integrative physiology and developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD).

Background:

  • Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome involves interconnected cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic pathologies.
  • The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework suggests early-life insults impact adult health.
  • Existing models do not fully explain the complex interplay in CKM syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a "parallel hit" model for CKM syndrome based on the DOHaD framework.
  • To elucidate the life-course trajectory and key mechanisms driving CKM syndrome.
  • To identify potential early-life intervention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental animal studies, particularly rodent models.
  • Conceptualization of CKM progression as a two-stage trajectory: parallel programming and maladaptive crosstalk.
  • Identification of integrative mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Main Results:

  • Early-life environmental insults concurrently program renal and central nervous system vulnerabilities.
  • CKM progression involves parallel development programming followed by bidirectional brain-kidney crosstalk.
  • Heightened sympathetic outflow and aberrant renal signaling, driven by uremic toxins and neuroinflammation, accelerate cardiorenal and metabolic injury.
  • Oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gut dysbiosis are key convergent pathways.

Conclusions:

  • CKM syndrome is a life-course continuum, not merely a late-stage comorbidity cluster.
  • Early-life "reprogramming" strategies, including precision nutrition and microbiota-directed therapies, show translational potential.
  • Further human studies are needed to validate preclinical findings and therapeutic approaches.
  • Stabilizing the brain-kidney axis through early interventions is crucial for long-term outcomes.