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Related Concept Videos

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that include the...
Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that include the...
Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
08:44

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Published on: October 17, 2025

Hysteretic Conductance in Ion Channel Gating.

Bartek Lisowski1, Martin Bier2, Bartłomiej Dybiec3

  • 1Chair of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hysteresis in ion channels causes delayed electrical signaling in excitable tissues. This review explores diffusive models for understanding this dynamic memory in channel conductance.

Keywords:
channel gatingfluctuation phenomenanonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Ion Channel Physiology

Background:

  • Hysteresis is crucial for electrical signaling in excitable tissues like neurons and muscles.
  • Voltage-gated ion channels exhibit hysteretic conductance, showing delayed responses to transmembrane voltage changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diffusive modeling approach for ion channel hysteresis.
  • To explain the dynamic memory mechanisms in ion channel conductance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of discrete-state Markov models for ion channel transitions.
  • Exploration of diffusive models using Langevin and Smoluchowski-Fokker-Planck equations.

Main Results:

  • Hysteresis arises when voltage oscillation frequency matches channel state transition times.
  • Diffusive models offer an alternative to discrete-state models for describing channel dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusive models provide insights into the dynamic memory of ion channels.
  • Understanding ion channel hysteresis is key to comprehending electrical signal modulation.