Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei: Current Classification and the Role of Intraperitoneal...

Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMNs) are a rare but clinically significant category of gastrointestinal tumors, ranging from low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN), the main precursor of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), to high-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (HAMN), poorly differentiated and signet-ring-cell adenocarcinomas, and goblet cell adenocarcinoma. Although current WHO and PSOGI classifications provide well established diagnostic criteria, controversies persist regarding the biological behavior and prognostic significance of the most aggressive subtypes and the relationship between HAMN and mucinous adenocarcinoma. While appendectomy is sufficient for localized LAMN, cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is the treatment of choice for peritoneal dissemination This review integrates the histopathological and molecular classification of AMN and PMP with the evolution of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Key findings indicate that KRAS and GNAS mutations are central drivers of mucin overproduction and peritoneal spread, that tumor grade and mucin cellularity remain the strongest prognostic determinants, and that the evidence supporting HIPEC and PIPAC derives largely from observational rather than randomized data. As a novel insight, we highlight the emerging role of patient-derived organoids as translational models for functional drug testing. Progress will depend on integrating molecular characterization, critical appraisal of intraperitoneal therapies, and organoid-based testing to advance individualized treatment for peritoneal surface malignancies.