Literacy Profiles in Twice-Exceptional Preadolescents with Intellectual Giftedness and Dyslexia

Research on twice-exceptional students, particularly those with co-occurring intellectual giftedness and dyslexia, remains limited and conceptually fragmented. This study examines the reading- and writing-related profiles of these students by comparing three groups: gifted students without dyslexia (G), gifted students with dyslexia (G-D), and dyslexic students without intellectual giftedness (D). The sample consisted of 133 Spanish-speaking primary school students (Grades 3-6). The results revealed a distinct and non-linear performance pattern. G-D students exhibited marked difficulties in lower-level literacy processes, including phonological and lexical processing, with a performance pattern closer to that of dyslexic peers. However, they showed relative strengths in higher-order language abilities, particularly text comprehension, oral comprehension, and written composition. The findings suggest a non-uniform profile of reading- and writing-related abilities in these students, characterized by weaknesses in several lower-level literacy processes and relative strengths in some higher-order language abilities. This pattern may contribute to the underidentification of these students across educational and clinical contexts. By providing empirical evidence from Spanish, a relatively underexplored orthographic context, this study contributes to current models of twice-exceptionality and highlights the need for more sensitive and staged identification procedures, as well as multidimensional assessment and intervention approaches that address both strengths and weaknesses.