Exploring Mechanistic Targets of Areca catechu Against Neurodegenerative Diseases Through an Integrated Network...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, while the therapeutic efficacy of current drugs for both diseases remains limited, with unfavourable side effects. The fruit of Areca catechu L. (AC) is recognised as a popular chewing item across China and Southeast Asia and has been used for centuries as a traditional remedy, ranging from relieving digestive issues to depression. The neuroprotective role of AC has been underscored in previous studies; however, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate anti-neurodegenerative mechanisms of AC for the treatment of AD and PD. An integrated approach combining untargeted metabolite profiling, network pharmacology, bioinformatics analysis, and molecular docking was utilised. Experimental validation was performed using in vitro cell-based and in vivo models. The study revealed TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CASP3, MAPK3, and AKT1 as top-ranked hub targets by which AC exerts its action on AD and PD. Enrichment analyses of these genes identified significant biological and functional pathways involved in neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and AD. Experimental validation showed that AC extracts significantly downregulated hub gene expressions in the neuroinflammatory BV-2 microglia cell model and prolonged the survival of the transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans AD model. Docking analysis suggested lucidine B, oxolucidine B, solanocapsine, evodiamine, and liquiritigenin are the principal phytocompounds underlying the neuroprotective properties of AC. The findings revealed the pharmacological mechanisms of AC and highlighted its potential value as an effective, multitargeting natural agent to address challenges in AD and PD therapies.