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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
04:36

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Neuroprotection in Early Diabetic Retinal Disease Using Eyedrop Delivery.

Hugo Ramos1,2, Olga Simó-Servat1,2, Cristina Hernández1,2,3

  • 1Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Neuroprotection offers a new strategy for early diabetic retinal disease (DRD). Topical eyedrop delivery of neuroprotective agents shows promise for treating DRD by targeting neuronal degeneration.

Keywords:
diabetic retinal diseasediabetic retinopathyeyedropsglaucomaneurodegenerationneuroprotectionretinatransscleral

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Diabetic retinal disease (DRD) is traditionally viewed as a microvascular complication.
  • Emerging evidence implicates neuronal degeneration in the early pathogenesis of DRD.
  • Neuroprotection is a potential therapeutic strategy to halt DRD progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current advancements in neuroprotective therapies for early DRD.
  • To focus on the topical delivery of neuroprotective agents.
  • To discuss the role of the transscleral route in drug absorption.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical evidence on neuroprotective therapies for DRD.
  • Analysis of topical administration methods, particularly eyedrops.
  • Evaluation of the transscleral absorption pathway for retinal drug delivery.

Main Results:

  • Neuroprotection is a viable strategy for managing early-stage DRD.
  • Topical eyedrop delivery provides non-invasive retinal access for neuroprotective agents.
  • The transscleral route is relevant for achieving therapeutic concentrations in the retina.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroprotective compounds represent a promising therapeutic opportunity for early DRD.
  • Topical delivery systems are crucial for non-invasive treatment of retinal neurodegeneration.
  • Further research into transscleral drug delivery can optimize neuroprotection for DRD.