Defining the Impact of Genetics on Equine Performance and Development of Orthopaedic Disease

In equine veterinary medicine, there is a lack of correlation between the structural severity of orthopaedic disease and the perceived severity of presenting signs, resulting in a variable influence on performance, pain and disability. Across equine industries, there is selective pressure through breeding for specific traits, such as the "speed" gene (MSTN) in racing thoroughbreds and the "gait keeper" gene (DMTR3) in pacing breeds, potentially resulting in genetic predispositions that lead to an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders. With advancements in molecular sequencing techniques, researchers have been able to identify various genes (e.g., ECA, RUNX, and ADAME1) as well as biomarkers influencing performance and the development of orthopaedic disease. In combination, these techniques could be applied clinically in the future to improve welfare and disease management through advanced characterization and treatments to delay the onset of orthopaedic disease.