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Related Concept Videos

Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
What is the Endocrine System?00:46

What is the Endocrine System?

The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

An Overview of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that every...
Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
07:59

Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: October 13, 2019

Beyond the Mission: Long-Term Endocrine Dynamics in Search and Rescue Dog-Handler Teams.

Justyna Wojtaś1, Klaudia Kaliszyk1, Kamila Kaszycka1

  • 1Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Search and rescue (SAR) dog-handler teams experience physiological stress. Hair cortisol (HCL) and testosterone (HTL) analysis revealed similar endocrine patterns between dogs and handlers, with a notable negative correlation in HCL levels.

Keywords:
behaviorcortisolhairsearch and rescue dogstestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Search and rescue (SAR) dog-handler teams operate under demanding conditions.
  • Chronic stress can impact physiological well-being in both dogs and humans.
  • Hair steroid analysis offers a non-invasive method to assess long-term endocrine activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate long-term endocrine patterns in SAR dogs and their handlers.
  • To explore correlations in hair cortisol (HCL) and hair testosterone (HTL) levels within and between species.
  • To identify potential links between the physiological stress experienced by SAR teams.

Main Methods:

  • Collected hair samples from 60 SAR dogs and their handlers.
  • Extracted cortisol and testosterone using methanol-based protocols.
  • Quantified steroid levels via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Main Results:

  • Dogs exhibited mean HCL of 10.974 pg/mg and mean HTL of 3.008 pg/mg.
  • Female dogs had higher HCL than males; cortisol tended to increase with age.
  • Handler HCL (10.874 pg/mg) and HTL (2.925 pg/mg) showed no sex differences, but handler cortisol varied by dog breed.
  • A negative correlation was observed between dog and handler HCL levels.

Conclusions:

  • SAR dogs and handlers display comparable long-term endocrine profiles.
  • The negative correlation in HCL suggests a complex interplay in stress response between canine and human partners.
  • Hair steroid analysis is a valuable tool for assessing the chronic stress experienced by SAR teams.