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Updated: Jun 27, 2026
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Versatility of Protocols for Resistance Training and Assessment Using Static and Dynamic Ladders in Animal Models
Published on: December 17, 2021
The ESKAPE Challenge: Understanding Resistance and Exploring Alternative Treatments
Kartika Vashishtha1, Pobitra Borah2,3, Robert Sonowal2
1Department of Development Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health threat, particularly from ESKAPE pathogens. New therapies beyond traditional antibiotics are urgently needed to combat drug-resistant infections.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Public Health
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health challenge, increasing morbidity and mortality.
- ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species) are WHO-prioritized due to extensive drug resistance and nosocomial infections.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the global prevalence and resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens.
- To explore innovative non-traditional therapies to overcome limitations of conventional antibiotics.
Main Methods:
- In-depth literature review of global prevalence and antibiotic-resistant mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens.
- Comprehensive analysis of emerging alternative therapeutic strategies.
Main Results:
- ESKAPE pathogens exhibit significant global prevalence and diverse antibiotic-resistant mechanisms.
- Innovative therapies including phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), anti-virulence strategies, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and CRISPR-based approaches show promise.
Conclusions:
- Addressing the ESKAPE pathogen challenge necessitates a multi-sectoral One Health approach.
- Key strategies include enhanced public awareness, improved surveillance and research, judicious antibiotic use, and investment in novel interventions.
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