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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
11:17

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses

Published on: August 30, 2018

National and Hospital Level Antimicrobial Consumption Patterns in Kenya.

Kizito M Mariita1, Loice A Ombajo2,3, Christine M Ngacha3

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, The Nairobi Hospital, Nairobi P.O. Box 30026-00100, Kenya.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Kenya

Keywords:
AWaReKenyaantimicrobial consumptionantimicrobial stewardshipdrug utilization

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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Published on: March 3, 2023

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
11:17

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses

Published on: August 30, 2018

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
08:58

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Published on: March 3, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Antimicrobial stewardship
  • Global health security
  • Pharmacovigilance in low-income countries

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates robust antimicrobial consumption monitoring.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan emphasizes linking consumption data with AMR trends.
  • Understanding national and hospital-level antibacterial use in Kenya is crucial for effective stewardship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate national and hospital-level antibacterial consumption patterns in Kenya.
  • To evaluate the quality of antibiotic use using the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) categorization.
  • To identify high-consumption antibiotics and describe trends over time.

Main Methods:

  • National consumption data (2020-2024) standardized using WHO ATC/DDD Index.
  • Incorporation of previously submitted WHO GLASS data for trend analysis.
  • Hospital-level data from ten facilities (Jan 2024-Apr 2025) analyzed for quality and consumption patterns.

Main Results:

  • National antibiotic consumption increased from 14.3 DID (2020) to 22.2 DID (2024).
  • Access antibiotic use nationally (50.4%-56.9%) and hospital-level (61.2%) remained below the WHO target.
  • Increasing consumption of Watch antibiotics, notably azithromycin and ceftriaxone, was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Kenya's overall antibacterial consumption is rising, with oral formulations dominating.
  • Suboptimal use of Access antibiotics and increasing reliance on Watch antibiotics pose challenges to AMR containment.
  • Targeted interventions are needed to address the rising use of specific Watch antibiotics like ceftriaxone and azithromycin.