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Related Concept Videos

Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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Published on: July 31, 2019

Probiotic Bacteria in Stimulating Human Physiological Responses: Metabolic Function and Overall Health.

Shin-Yee Chong1, Raja Balqis Raja-Razali1, Nor Hidayah Ismail2

  • 1Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bifidobacteria influence host health via metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine pathways. Probiotics show promise for metabolic and psychological well-being, but more research is needed.

Keywords:
functional foodsgut–brain axisimmune systemmicrobiotaprecision nutritionpsychobiotics

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

Published on: July 11, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Physiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Gut dysbiosis is linked to gastrointestinal diseases and systemic conditions like metabolic syndrome.
  • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bifidobacteria are key gut microbes with significant physiological roles.
  • The concept of psychobiotics highlights the impact of probiotics on mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional roles of LAB and Bifidobacteria in modulating host physiology.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which these bacteria influence metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine pathways.
  • To assess the potential of probiotics for metabolic health and psychological well-being.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on LAB, Bifidobacteria, and probiotics.
  • Analysis of research on short-chain fatty acid production and its effects.
  • Examination of evidence regarding psychobiotics and host-microbe interactions.

Main Results:

  • LAB and Bifidobacteria produce short-chain fatty acids that maintain gut integrity, regulate metabolism, and reduce inflammation.
  • Probiotics can influence host physiology through integrated metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine mechanisms.
  • Evidence links these bacteria to stress regulation and mood, but human study results are inconsistent.

Conclusions:

  • Probiotics offer a promising approach for supporting metabolic health and psychological well-being.
  • Strain specificity, dosage, and study design are critical factors influencing probiotic efficacy.
  • Further well-designed clinical trials and multi-omics approaches are necessary to elucidate mechanisms and confirm clinical benefits.