Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Educational Video Demonstration of How to Prone a Critically Ill Intubated Patient
Published on: November 30, 2022
Patient Safety Implications of Opportunistic Pathogens and Healthcare-Associated Infections in COVID-19 Patients: A
Francesco De Micco1,2, Gianmarco Di Palma1,2, Davide Ferorelli3
1Research Unit of Bioethics and Humanities, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Roma, Italy.
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the increased vulnerability of hospitalized patients to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which significantly impact patient safety and clinical outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the main opportunistic pathogens associated with HAIs in COVID-19 patients, with particular focus on multidrug-resistant organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp. The review also examines key aspects of antimicrobial resistance, prevention and control strategies, and medico-legal implications. The evidence supports the need for a multifaceted approach based on antibiotic stewardship, infection prevention guidelines, and multidisciplinary clinical risk management.
Related Concept Videos
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Pneumonia I: Introduction
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia I: Introduction
Standard Precaution
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
