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Related Concept Videos

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult01:21

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation III: AED Use

Introduction to AEDAn Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a portable medical device that analyzes the heart's rhythm and, if necessary, delivers an electrical shock to help the heart re-establish an effective rhythm during sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). SCA occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating, leading to a loss of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. In such emergencies, time is of the essence, and using an AED, combined with Cardiopulmonary...
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Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques

Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway interventions are...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...

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Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine
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Preservation of Basic Life Support Competencies Among Certified First Responders.

Igor Goričan1,2,3, Andrej Šorgo4, Matej Strnad2,5,6

  • 1General Staff, Slovenian Armed Forces, Ministry of Defence, Vojkova 55, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Newly certified first responders retain skills well, but senior first responders with no interventions show decreased practical skills. Recertification strategies for senior responders should consider intervention frequency.

Keywords:
CPRcertificationeducationemergencyemergency respondersfirst respondersout-of-hospital cardiac arrestresuscitationtrainingvolunteers

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Public Health
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Voluntary first responders enhance survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Slovenia.
  • Optimal retraining intervals for first responders lack conclusive data, relying on expert opinion.
  • Current research highlights a need for evidence-based retraining guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess skill and knowledge retention in Slovenian licensed first responders (LFRs) one year post-certification.
  • To investigate the impact of intervention frequency on skill and knowledge retention among LFRs.
  • To determine optimal retraining intervals based on practical performance and experience.

Main Methods:

  • Observational longitudinal and cross-sectional study of newly certified and senior LFRs (2019-2024).
  • Reassessment of practical skills and theoretical knowledge one year after previous certification.
  • Group classification based on intervention frequency over the past year.

Main Results:

  • Newly certified LFRs showed no significant decline in practical skills or theoretical knowledge after one year.
  • Senior LFRs exhibited significantly lower practical skill scores than newly certified LFRs.
  • Senior LFRs with no interventions had lower practical skills; participation in at least one intervention predicted higher scores.

Conclusions:

  • Initial training for Slovenian LFRs is adequate for maintaining skills in the first year.
  • Senior LFRs require tailored recertification strategies, considering their intervention frequency.
  • Intervention experience is crucial for maintaining practical skills in experienced first responders.