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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.

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Correction: Kang et al. Fluid Flow to Electricity: Capturing Flow-Induced Vibrations with Micro-Electromechanical-System-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvester. <i>Micromachines</i> 2024, <i>15</i>, 581.

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Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment
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Highly Transparent Structural Colors with Iridescent Sheen via Burst-Mode Laser Processing.

Quanxin Yang1, Minghui Fan1, Siyu Xue1

  • 1Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China.

Micromachines
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a single-step laser method to create transparent structural colors with iridescent effects on glass. This technique precisely controls thin-film structures for applications like anti-counterfeiting.

Keywords:
femtosecond laser processingstructure colorsurface protrusion structure

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Optics and Photonics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Increasing demand for structural coloration techniques that produce both base color and iridescent sheen on transparent substrates.
  • Need for efficient, single-step fabrication methods for periodic and localized modulation of thin-film structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, deposit, and process a composite thin-film structure for tunable structural coloration.
  • To achieve precise control over thermal accumulation and surface morphology using burst-mode femtosecond laser processing.
  • To create transparent structural colors with iridescent sheen effects on soda-lime glass substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an aluminum nitride-aluminum (AlN-Al) thin film on a soda-lime glass substrate.
  • Processing using burst-mode femtosecond laser, varying sub-pulse number, pulse-to-pulse distance, and average power.
  • Characterization using reflectance spectra, transmittance data, microscopy (confocal, SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations.

Main Results:

  • Systematic variation of laser parameters achieved precise control over thermal accumulation and surface protrusion morphology.
  • Observed color variation attributed to laser-induced air gaps between Al and AlN layers, not compositional changes.
  • Periodic surface protrusion structures were identified as the governing factor for the iridescent sheen effect.

Conclusions:

  • The burst-mode femtosecond laser processing enables large-scale patterning of structural colors with high transmittance.
  • The method produces coupled interference- and diffraction-based structural colors with angle-independent base color and angle-dependent iridescent sheen.
  • Promising applications in decorative elements, anti-counterfeiting, and encryption requiring combined visual effects.