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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the colonic...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management01:29

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
Pharmacologic...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Evaluating the Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection After Rifaximin Treatment for Small Intestinal Bacterial

Abdelrahman Yousef1, Niven Wang1, Mahmoud Yousef2

  • 1Internal Medicine Department, The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rifaximin treatment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) showed no significant short-term increase in Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) risk. Further research is needed due to low event rates and potential for type II error.

Keywords:
CdiffClostridioides difficile infectionRifaximinSIBOirritable bowel syndromesmall intestinal bacterial overgrowth

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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Background:

  • Rifaximin is a common treatment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
  • Concerns exist regarding the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) with antibiotic use, especially repeated courses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the short-term risk of developing CDI after Rifaximin therapy in patients diagnosed with SIBO.
  • To compare CDI incidence in SIBO patients treated with Rifaximin versus those not treated, and against IBS patients receiving Rifaximin.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study utilizing the TriNetX Collaborative Research Network.
  • Propensity score matching (1:1) to compare SIBO patients treated with Rifaximin against SIBO patients not treated.
  • Primary outcome: CDI diagnosis within 60 days of the index event; secondary outcomes: hospitalization and ED visits.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant difference in short-term CDI risk was observed between Rifaximin-treated SIBO patients (0.21%) and untreated SIBO patients (0.15%).
  • CDI incidence was similar when comparing Rifaximin-treated SIBO patients to Rifaximin-treated irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients (0.21% vs. 0.15%).
  • No difference in CDI risk was found between single and multiple Rifaximin courses for SIBO patients (0.20% vs. 0.21%).

Conclusions:

  • Rifaximin therapy for SIBO does not appear to increase short-term CDI risk in a real-world setting.
  • Findings should be interpreted cautiously due to low CDI event rates, wide confidence intervals, and the possibility of type II error.