Related Experiment Videos

Association Between Heart Failure Etiology and All-Cause Mortality with Sex-Specific Considerations: Insights from

Michał Tarnowski1, Robert Morawiec2, Agata Galas3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Holy Spirit Specialist Hospital, 27-600 Sandomierz, Poland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 26, 2026
PubMed

Insights

This study found that both ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure (HF) have similar mortality risks. Gender did not significantly impact survival rates within these heart failure (HF) categories.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Clinical Research
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) prognosis is influenced by etiology and patient sex.
  • Understanding gender-specific impacts of ischemic HF is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of ischemic heart failure (HF) etiology on prognosis, with a focus on gender differences.
  • To compare all-cause mortality between ischemic and non-ischemic HF etiologies stratified by sex.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, multicenter cohort study (HEROES) including 1410 hospitalized and outpatient patients.
  • Data collected between April 2022 and January 2024.
  • Primary endpoint: all-cause mortality.

Main Results:

  • Ischemic HF etiology was more prevalent in males (46.0%) than females (28.5%).
  • No significant difference in all-cause mortality was observed between ischemic and non-ischemic HF etiologies (aHR 1.16; p=0.363).
  • Sex-stratified analysis showed no significant mortality differences between women and men within either HF etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure (HF) etiologies are associated with comparable all-cause mortality risks.
  • No significant sex-based differences in mortality were found within ischemic or non-ischemic HF categories.

Keywords:
etiologyheart failureischemicprognosis

Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...