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Vitamin D Levels and Uropathogen Distribution in Urinary Tract Infections: A Six-Year Retrospective Study from Cyprus
Hülya Arık1, Mehtap Tınazlı2, Kaya Süer1
1Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus.
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|June 26, 2026
Summary
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, but vitamin D levels did not directly correlate with pathogen types. However, vitamin D deficiency showed a seasonal link with Klebsiella pneumoniae infections during winter.
Area of Science:
- Urology
- Infectious Diseases
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent bacterial infections.
- Vitamin D (vit D) has immunomodulatory effects, but its role in UTI pathogens is unclear.
- This study examines UTI pathogens in relation to serum vit D status and demographics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the distribution of UTI pathogens.
- To correlate pathogen distribution with serum vitamin D levels.
- To analyze associations with demographic factors, season, and year.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 942 adult patients with culture-confirmed UTIs.
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels classified as deficient, insufficient, or sufficient.
- Pathogen distribution correlated with vit D status, demographics, season, and year using chi-square and logistic regression.
Main Results:
- Escherichia coli (48.83%) was the most common pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.79%).
- No significant association between overall vitamin D level and uropathogen type (p=0.504).
- Vitamin D deficiency (47.98%) was common; K. pneumoniae risk was higher in deficient patients during winter (aOR=1.6).
- UTIs were more prevalent in females and the elderly (>70 years).
- Diabetes and chronic kidney disease were associated with K. pneumoniae infection.
Conclusions:
- No direct association between vitamin D levels and uropathogen species was found.
- A seasonal interaction exists between vitamin D deficiency and Klebsiella infections in winter.
- UTI risk is higher in elderly females, suggesting consideration of seasonal and dietary factors.
Keywords:
Cyprusantimicrobial resistanceretrospective studyseasonal variationurinary tract infectionuropathogenvitamin DMore Related Videos
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