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A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Screening for Neurocognitive Abilities Post-COVID (SNAP-COVID): Scale Development and Validation.

Flora Nikolaou1, Ioulia Solomou1, Maria Loizidou1,2

  • 1Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed the Screening for Neurocognitive Abilities Post-COVID (SNAP-COVID) scale to assess cognitive issues in post-COVID condition. This reliable, valid tool measures perceived cognitive changes and symptom burden in Greek speakers.

Keywords:
cognitive impairmentpost-COVID conditionpsychometric validationscale development

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Neurocognitive sequelae are a concern in post-COVID condition (PCC).
  • Standardized tools for screening PCC-related cognitive impairment are limited.
  • A self-report questionnaire was needed to assess cognitive changes post-COVID.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Screening for Neurocognitive Abilities Post-COVID (SNAP-COVID) questionnaire.
  • To capture current symptom burden and perceived cognitive changes relative to pre-COVID status.
  • To provide a reliable and valid instrument for assessing post-infectious cognitive difficulties in a Greek-speaking sample.

Main Methods:

  • Data collected in three phases (August 2024 - February 2025).
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and reliability testing on Dataset B (N=300).
  • Convergent validity assessed using the Brain Fog Scale (BFS).
  • Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for independent validation on Dataset C (N=317).

Main Results:

  • A robust three-factor, 24-item SNAP-COVID scale was developed.
  • Factors include General Cognitive Functions, Sensory Hypersensitivity, and Language and Communication.
  • The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = 0.95) and convergent validity (r = -0.442, p < 0.001).
  • CFA confirmed the three-factor structure with acceptable fit indices.

Conclusions:

  • The SNAP-COVID scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing cognitive impairment in post-COVID condition.
  • Its multidimensional structure addresses a critical gap in post-infectious cognitive assessment.
  • The scale captures both global and domain-specific cognitive difficulties.