Stevia Rebaudiosides Usage as a Sugar Reduction Tool: A Narrative Review of Their Metabolic, Gut Microbiome and...

Background/Objectives: Stevia rebaudiosides represent a class of compounds extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant or produced via yeast fermentation, which provide a sweet taste with little to no calories. These compounds are commercially referred to as stevia and are used in the food industry to reduce sugar in foods and beverages. Stevia is a non-nutritive sweetener (NNS), which is a class of ingredients which represent both artificial and plant-based sweeteners. NNSs are widely used and have been well studied. However, their effects on efficacy for weight management as a sugar reduction tool and overall metabolic effects are inconsistent. Of the approved NNSs for use, stevia is relatively new and one of the least studied. However, recent human clinical research has provided insights into stevia's metabolic effects, effects on the gut microbiome and effects on weight management when used to replace sugar. The objective of this narrative review of human clinical studies is to provide an overview of the effects of stevia rebaudiosides (largely rebaudioside A) on glucoregulatory and cardiometabolic functions, as well as their effects on gut microbiome and weight management. These studies were typically short term (acute to three months) and heterogeneous by design, and they contained stevia rebaudiosides as lone sweeteners and as part of a binary blend with other NNSs. The majority of metabolic studies on stevia rebaudiosides have evaluated the effects on glucose homeostasis and, to a lesser extent, the effects on cardiometabolic function, the gut microbiome, and weight management. These studies suggest that stevia rebaudiosides have no statistically significant effects on glycemia, insulinemia, blood lipids, appetite hormones, or the gut microbiome. Limited studies suggest that, particularly when compared to sucrose, stevia produces very modest body weight and BMI changes, while studies on subjective appetite and food intake have had inconsistent results. Conclusions: Longer-term studies are needed, with more consistent and rigorous design protocols across various populations. However, current human clinical studies suggest that stevia rebaudiosides have a limited impact on metabolic functions, and the observed effects on gut microbiome and changes in body weight, particularly when used to replace sugar, warrant further study.