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A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking
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Lightweight Geometric Framework for High-Precision 3D Gaze Tracking Based on Infrared Image Processing.

Jiawei Shen1, Pengxiang Dong1, Beichen Hu1

  • 1School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
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This study introduces a new geometric 3D gaze tracking framework for low-cost hardware. It achieves high accuracy in virtual reality and HCI applications without specialized equipment.

Area of Science:

  • Computer Vision
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Virtual Reality

Background:

  • Head-mounted eye-tracking systems are crucial for VR, HCI, and clinical uses.
  • Current systems face challenges in achieving high accuracy with low-cost hardware.
  • Precise 3D gaze position estimation remains a significant hurdle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a lightweight, training-free geometric 3D gaze tracking framework.
  • To enable robust 3D gaze estimation using consumer-grade hardware.
  • To overcome limitations of existing low-cost eye-tracking solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Leverages stereo geometric triangulation and a simplified physiological eye model.
  • Utilizes standard infrared cameras and dichroic mirrors.
Keywords:
3D gaze trackingeye trackinggeometric modelinginfrared image processinglightweight framework

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  • A training-free geometric approach for binocular 3D gaze tracking.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved angular error between 1.1° and 2.82° in controlled indoor conditions.
    • 3D gaze position error was below 13.24 mm.
    • Outperformed state-of-the-art non-deep-learning methods by 34%-56% in depth estimation precision.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed geometric framework offers a practical and effective solution for high-precision 3D gaze tracking.
    • It is suitable for both research and consumer applications requiring low-cost hardware.
    • Demonstrates competitive accuracy and improved depth estimation compared to existing methods.