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An FPGA-Based DDS-Synchronized Quadrature Lock-In Module for Sweep-Field Demodulation in a Single-Beam SERF

Dongjing Zhang¹, Xiaojian Hao¹, Rui Jia¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Measurement Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) lock-in module for spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometers. It ensures stable zero-crossing extraction for sweep-field operation, improving working-point determination.

Keywords:

FPGA SERF magnetometer digital lock-in amplifier direct digital synthesizer quadrature demodulation sweep-field demodulation zero-crossing stability

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Area of Science:

Physics
Instrumentation
Quantum Sensing

Background:

Single-beam spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometers require precise zero-crossing detection for sweep-field operation.
Frequency mismatches and inadequate filtering can lead to zero-crossing shifts, impacting magnetometer performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) quadrature lock-in module for stable zero-crossing extraction in SERF magnetometers.
To ensure consistent working-point determination during sweep-field operation by maintaining frequency coherence and preserving the dispersion zero-crossing.

Main Methods:

A shared direct digital synthesizer generates synchronized modulation and demodulation signals.
Quadrature multiplication followed by CIC decimation and a reloadable Kaiser-window FIR filter for low-pass filtering.
FPGA implementation for real-time signal processing and control.

Main Results:

Achieved a spectral peak of 1000.054 Hz for a 1000 Hz setting with a loopback amplitude of 0.496 V.
Reduced quadrature residual ratio from 32.1% to 0.10% using I/Q rotation on the SERF platform.
Minimized zero-crossing difference to 0.58 ms (0.12% of sweep period) when adjusting FIR cutoff frequency.

Conclusions:

The developed FPGA module enables stable zero-crossing extraction essential for SERF magnetometers.
The module effectively maintains frequency coherence and preserves the dispersion zero-crossing across filter adjustments.
This technology enhances the reliability of working-point determination in SERF sweep-field magnetometers.