Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:

Directional Relays

Directional Relays

Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

ContiMorph: An unsupervised learning framework for cardiac motion tracking with time-continuous diffeomorphism.

Medical image analysis·2026

Same author

Autologous pericardial conduit reconstruction of an inadvertently transected left superior pulmonary vein during thoracoscopic surgery: A case report and literature review.

BMC surgery·2026

Same author

Hypersexuality across neurological disorders: A systematic review of aetiologies, clinical manifestations, assessment methods, and management strategies.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026

Same author

A hybrid approach via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and limited sternal incision for resection of invasive thymoma with superior vena cava prosthetic replacement: a case report.

Journal of cardiothoracic surgery·2026

Same author

Distinguishing characteristics of carpal osteoid osteoma versus osteoblastoma: a comparative study.

The Journal of hand surgery, European volume·2026

Same author

Morin inhibits fructose bisphosphate aldolase activity and resists Cryptosporidium parvum infection.

International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance·2026

Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Backscatter-Aided Relaying for Interactive Dual-HAP Wireless-Powered Sensor Networks.

Yuan Zheng¹, Haisong Chen¹, Huan Wan^2,3

¹School of Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces backscatter-aided relaying for wireless-powered sensor networks (WPSNs). The proposed scheme enhances data transmission efficiency by integrating passive local information collection and optimized dual-HAP wireless power transfer (WPT).

Keywords:

backscatter communication cooperative relaying wireless-powered sensor networks wireless-powered transfer

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

Wireless communication networks
Energy harvesting systems
Sensor networks

Background:

Wireless-powered sensor networks (WPSNs) face challenges in efficient data transmission and energy management.
Hybrid Access Points (HAPs) offer a solution for data reception and wireless power transfer (WPT).
Backscatter communication presents an energy-efficient method for information relaying.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate backscatter-aided relaying for dual-HAP WPSNs.
To maximize the common throughput of source sensor nodes.
To optimize time allocation, energy allocation, and dual-HAP energy beamforming.

Main Methods:

Formulation of a source common-throughput maximization problem.
Joint optimization of time allocation, transmit energy allocation, and dual-HAP energy beamforming.
Development of an alternating optimization algorithm to address non-convexity, including convex transformation and energy-feasibility margin maximization.

Main Results:

The proposed backscatter-aided relaying scheme significantly improves throughput compared to active cooperation without backscatter and direct transmission.
Numerical results validate the effectiveness of integrating passive local information collection, relay-assisted uplink transmission, and optimized dual-HAP WPT.
The alternating optimization algorithm successfully handles the non-convex optimization problem.

Conclusions:

Backscatter-aided relaying is an effective strategy for enhancing performance in dual-HAP WPSNs.
The integration of passive backscatter communication and optimized wireless power transfer is crucial for efficient data collection and transmission.
The developed optimization framework provides a robust solution for maximizing network throughput under energy and rate constraints.