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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Quantified Assessment of Infant's Gross Motor Abilities Using a Multisensor Wearable
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Explainable Machine Learning Using Sensor-Derived Biomechanical Features to Classify Elevated VALR-Related Loading

Yiyao Chen1, Zixiang Gao2, Fengping Li1

  • 1Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Midsole hardness influences lower-limb loading in children's forefoot strike (FFS) running. Elevated loading is identified by a pattern of biomechanical features, not a specific hardness level.

Keywords:
SHAPXGBoostelevated VALR-related loadingforefoot strikemidsole hardnessschool-aged boys

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Pediatric sports science
  • Running mechanics

Background:

  • Midsole hardness impacts lower-limb loading in pediatric forefoot strike (FFS) running.
  • The biomechanical basis for identifying elevated Vertical Average Loading Rate (VALR) is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between midsole hardness and lower-limb impact loading during FFS running in children.
  • To identify biomechanical features that characterize elevated VALR-related loading.

Main Methods:

  • Fourteen boys ran in shoes with varying midsole hardness (37-52 Shore C).
  • Lower-limb kinematics and sEMG data were collected; VALR and 28 biomechanical features were extracted.
  • XGBoost machine learning models classified elevated VALR, with SHAP analysis identifying key features.

Main Results:

  • VALR showed an increasing trend with midsole hardness, but no distinct threshold was found.
  • XGBoost achieved 75.93% accuracy, with an AUC of 0.738.
  • Distal and non-sagittal kinematic features were most influential in classifying elevated loading.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated VALR-related loading in children's FFS running is characterized by a complex pattern of biomechanical features.
  • A multi-feature model is more effective than a fixed midsole hardness threshold for identifying increased loading.