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Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Edge-SHM Architecture for Operational Underground Tunnel Crack Monitoring Under
Thanh Binh Ngo1, Xuan Chieu Luong1, Ngoc Linh Vu1
1University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
Summary
A new low-cost edge-Internet of Things (IoT) system effectively monitors tunnel cracks using advanced sensors and secure data transmission. This structural health monitoring (SHM) approach ensures reliable crack detection with minimal noise and latency.
Area of Science:
- Civil Engineering
- Structural Health Monitoring
- Internet of Things (IoT)
Background:
- Operational underground tunnels require continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) for safety.
- Traditional SHM methods can be costly and complex to deploy.
- Crack monitoring is crucial for assessing tunnel integrity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present a low-cost edge-IoT architecture for SHM focused on crack monitoring in tunnels.
- To integrate sensing, edge processing, secure communication, and cloud management.
- To validate the system's performance and trustworthiness in a real-world tunnel environment.
Main Methods:
- Developed an edge-IoT architecture incorporating crack-displacement sensors, temperature sensors, and ESP32-based edge processing.
- Utilized LoRa/MQTT for communication and AES/ECDSA for data security.
- Conducted a 30-day field campaign in the Hai Van Tunnel, monitoring two cracks at 60-second intervals.
Main Results:
- Edge-based wavelet-Kalman processing enhanced measurement stability and reduced noise.
- The security mechanism added minimal latency to the monitoring cycle.
- Monitored cracks showed minor, temperature-related fluctuations without cumulative widening.
Conclusions:
- The proposed edge-sensing architecture is feasible for campaign-based tunnel crack monitoring.
- The system provides a trustworthy solution for SHM in underground infrastructure.
- Further long-term deployments are recommended to assess scalability and durability.
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