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Related Concept Videos

Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain gauge...
Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts

When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
Bending of Curved Members - Strain Analysis01:14

Bending of Curved Members - Strain Analysis

The mechanics of deformation in curved members, such as beams or arches, under bending moments, involve complex responses. When such a member, symmetric about the y-axis and shaped like a segment of a circle centered at point C, is subjected to equal and opposite forces, its curvature and surface lengths change significantly. This alteration results in the shift of the curvature's center from C to C', indicating a tighter curve.
The important part of bending analysis for such a member is the...
Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts01:18

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added together...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes
06:56

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Published on: May 23, 2017

Numerical Analysis and Strain Monitoring of the Curing Process in Ring-Shaped CFRP Components.

Yanhui Tian1, Benjie Ding1, Jianke Du1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.

Polymers
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study models the curing of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) rings, revealing residual stress is driven by resin shrinkage and thermal contraction. Experimental and simulation results show good agreement, validating the coupled curing model.

Keywords:
CFRPcure kineticscuring deformationmulti-field couplingnumerical simulationoptical fiber monitoring

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes
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Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Published on: May 23, 2017

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer
06:17

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer

Published on: January 30, 2020

Intermediate Strain Rate Material Characterization with Digital Image Correlation
07:59

Intermediate Strain Rate Material Characterization with Digital Image Correlation

Published on: March 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding the curing process of composite materials like carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) is crucial for predicting their performance.
  • Epoxy resins are widely used in composites, and their curing kinetics and thermomechanical properties significantly influence the final product.
  • Residual stresses in composite components can affect their structural integrity and service life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the curing process of a ring-shaped CFRP component using multi-field coupled numerical analysis and experimental strain monitoring.
  • To characterize the curing kinetics and thermomechanical properties of LD-2184 epoxy resin.
  • To develop and validate a coupled numerical model that predicts strain and residual stress during the curing of CFRP ring components.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of LD-2184 epoxy resin using non-isothermal Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), tensile testing, and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) measurements.
  • Fabrication of composite ring specimens using a wet winding process with embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors for axial strain monitoring.
  • Development of a multi-field coupled numerical model incorporating heat conduction, curing kinetics, and curing deformation, simulated using ABAQUS.

Main Results:

  • The curing reaction of the epoxy resin follows a single-stage autocatalytic mechanism with a determined activation energy.
  • A piecewise curing kinetics equation was established, and the elastic modulus and CTE of the cured resin were quantified.
  • Numerical simulations revealed temperature gradients within the filament-wound layer and showed that thermo-chemical strain is consistent between inner and outer regions.
  • Total strain varied through the thickness due to mold constraints, and residual stress was found to be governed by resin chemical shrinkage and thermal contraction during cooling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed multi-field coupled curing model accurately predicts the curing process of CFRP ring components.
  • The model's simulation results show good agreement with experimental strain measurements, with a discrepancy of 7.15%.
  • This validated model provides a valuable tool for understanding and predicting residual stresses in composite ring structures during curing.