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Development and Characterization of High-Density Polyethylene/Polylactic Acid/Titanium Dioxide Composites for

Ildiko Peter1, Dan-Cristian Craciun2, Mihai Alin Pop3

  • 1Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania.

Polymers
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
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This study developed a high-density polyethylene/polylactic acid/titanium dioxide composite for pellet-based additive manufacturing, improving printability and thermal stability. The new material shows moderate tensile performance, suitable for applications prioritizing processability and rigidity.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • High-density polyethylene (HDPE) systems face printability challenges in additive manufacturing, including extrusion instability and poor interlayer adhesion.
  • Polylactic acid (PLA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were introduced to enhance processing stability and mechanical properties of HDPE composites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel HDPE-PLA-TiO2 composite for pellet-based additive manufacturing.
  • To address printability limitations of high-HDPE content systems.
  • To assess the thermal and mechanical behavior of the developed composite.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a high-density polyethylene/polylactic acid/titanium dioxide (HDPE-PLA-TiO2) composite.
  • Production of filaments, pellets, and 3D-printed specimens.
Keywords:
high-density polyethylenepellet-based 3D printingpolylactic acidpolymer compositesthermal degradationtitanium dioxide

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  • Thermal analysis using thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA).
  • Mechanical testing including tensile strength and elastic modulus measurements.
  • Microstructural analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS).

    • Main Results:

    • The HDPE-PLA-TiO2 composite demonstrated improved printability and adequate thermal stability up to approximately 300 °C.
    • Tensile tests yielded strengths of 20-25 MPa for filaments and 7.86-10.36 MPa for printed parts, with an elastic modulus around 2 GPa.
    • SEM/EDS analysis revealed a heterogeneous morphology influencing mechanical response, with evidence of cavities, microcracks, and Ti-rich regions.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed HDPE-PLA-TiO2 composite offers improved processability and sufficient thermal stability for selected additive manufacturing conditions.
    • The material exhibits moderate, reproducible tensile performance, making it suitable for applications where processability and rigidity are key.
    • This formulation shows potential for pellet-based additive manufacturing, balancing ease of processing with structural integrity.