Structural Characteristics Analysis of Pinus taiwanensis Plantation in Climate Transition Zone

Understanding the structural characteristics of Pinus taiwanensis plantations in climatically transitional regions is essential for developing science-based management strategies under global change. This study investigated 23 plots in Huangbai Mountain Forest Farm, Henan Province, China, classified into low-, medium-, and high-density stands (n = 9, 9, and 5, respectively). Diameter distributions were fitted using six probability functions, and four spatial structure parameters-mixing degree (Mc), size ratio (U), uniform angle index (W), and forest layer index (S)-were quantified. In addition, five comprehensive spatial structure indices-average superiority coefficient index (SPV), spatial structure comprehensive index (Q), stand spatial structure distance index (FSI), Comprehensive Distance Evaluation (CDEV), and Comprehensive Assessment of Proximity Vector (CAPV)-were constructed using a combined analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method. Given the unbalanced sample sizes, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed for comparisons, and bootstrap resampling (1000 iterations) was performed to assess the reliability of mean estimates. The results showed that both the Gamma and Weibull distributions were equally suitable for describing diameter distribution under different stand densities, as their AIC differences were below 2 for all density classes. Correlation analysis indicated that the relative importance of spatial parameters followed the order S > U > Mc > W. Medium-density stands exhibited the most optimal spatial structure, whereas low-density stands showed the poorest performance. These findings suggest that both overly dense and sparse stands negatively affect spatial organization. Appropriate management practices, such as thinning or enrichment planting, are recommended to optimize stand structure and enhance ecological resilience.