Recent Advances in Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Grapevines to Downy Mildew Infection

Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola (P. viticola), is one of the most devastating diseases threatening the global grape industry. The pathogen invades host plants through stomata, triggering a series of highly coordinated physiological disorders and biochemical defense events. This review systematically summarizes the dynamic changes in morphological structures (stomatal characteristics), physiological functions (photosynthesis, membrane system integrity, and carbon metabolism), and multi-level biochemical defense systems (reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzyme system, phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, pathogenesis-related proteins, and phenolic compounds) in grapevines following infection. It focuses on analyzing the differences in the timing, intensity, and metabolic reprogramming of defense responses between resistant and susceptible cultivars, pointing out that the essence of disease resistance lies in early pathogen recognition and rapid defense induction. The conflicting conclusions regarding indicators such as soluble sugars, peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are discussed from the perspectives of experimental systems, cultivar genetic backgrounds, and pathogen physiological race differences. Furthermore, the known physiological and biochemical alterations are linked to upstream signaling pathways, including salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (SA/JA), calcium signaling, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Recent advances in revealing resistance mechanisms in the omics era are also introduced. Finally, future research directions are proposed, including constructing multi-indicator dynamic evaluation models, verifying key gene functions using gene editing, exploring the potential of epigenetic regulation, and developing integrated control strategies combined with microbiome research. This review aims to provide theoretical support for grapevine downy mildew resistance breeding and sustainable disease management.